Cell-culture techniques have been used to evaluate toxicity of leachable constituents and degradation products from dental biomaterials. Systematic investigations into the interaction between biological systems and different light sources used for dental applications are employed to elucidate mechanisms involved in adverse effects. End points, that are utilized, include cell death (apoptosis/necrosis), changes in cell surface proteins and signalling substances (cytokine production). The irritative potential of dental biomaterials is assessed by in vitro method for mucosal irritation. The effects of
materials on microorganisms and vice versa can
have a great impact on the function and longevity
of restorations. Antimicrobial and inhibitory
properties of dental biomaterials are studied using
functional tests for the survival of microorganisms
on surfaces and for their penetration into
restorative constructions.